I think it varies. Some spells are just instinctive, like Rarity's gem finding spell. Some spells need to be learned and practiced and most importantly understood before they can be cast. Some seem to be able to be cast from physical materials as a one-shot deal with out any learning.
Well, as I understood her comment, an age spell is a top tier spell, but she never said it was the only one.
Honestly, Twi has to set up an institute for magic research when all this is over.
@Mio: I think the difficulty comes in the fact that you're trying to change only one aspect of the target while keeping everything else basically intact. Turning a pony into a cactus is easier because you're overwriting them entirely; you don't have to worry about keeping some bits the same. With a gender-morph or age spell, you'd have to be a lot more careful in keeping some aspects of the pony the same while only modifying others, and it could easily be more difficult to figure that out without messing up the pony in question.
Schools of magic are a fantasy staple, though, and I'm sure Twilight herself would love to talk about the technical and scientific aspects of magic. I'm not over-explaining anything, really.
She's certainly liable to think of it in scientific terms, even if it's not strictly speaking our science. Like, maybe she's aware that a mood-altering spell 'alters the balance of the four humours in the body'. In technical fact it would alter the chemicals in the brain, but it's close enough to her explanation, hers is just more old-fashioned. I do kinda feel like they need to know what's going on in a spell, at least if they're trying to invent one - they develop a minor effect intend to cause a major effect.
@J Teeth: On the other hand, in order to get the rest of the transformation right you have to summon completely new material, banish unneeded material, and rearrange the material in such a way that is completely contrary to how it was arranged before. While the others may involve slightly more precision (and really not that much), I would think that a spell that completely transforms something would be much more complex, involving, and taxing on the unicorn.
@Kegi: Augh, no, sorry, that's exactly the kind of thing that bothers me. I mean, thanks for an example. XD
I have nothing to add to this discussion, here have Pinkie biting Apple.
http://lifelessshadow26.deviantart.com/art/Pinkie-Pie-is-best-laptop-decal-341593701
(Thats really clever).
Because he know I'm going to go out in this plane and I'm going to remove one of His creations from His universe.
I asked this before but...we've seen unicorns learning spells out of a book...but how are these spells made?
I read that as "cookbook", and now I'm imagining a
Magic Kitchen Stadium.
there's a heart that's breaking down this long distance line tonight
I dunno, I just prefer a scientific approach to magic that's still at its core magic, even when you break it down to its smallest elements. Reducing a spell that, like you said, changes someone's mood to forcibly altering their brain chemistry makes it sound like it's just that mages don't understand 'real' science. A cantrip to make a flame appear over your finger shouldn't work because it excites hydrogen atoms above your finger, but because it's a little connection with the Plane of Fire, or something like that. Does that make sense?
I still hold to the "all ponies have a natural degree of spell resistance that screws up spells on them". The reason age magic is possible is that aging is a natural process that actually happens to ponies, and as a result magic can emulate the effect. Any given pony was a foal at some point, and they're going to be old, and magic is able to temporarily manifest that. Whereas a pony is never at any point going to arbitrarily switch genders, so magic has more difficulty creating that effect.